Publications

Professor Irene Georgakoudi discusses biomedical optics with a student on campus.

Biomedical Optics textbook

Textbook on Theory, Methods, and Applications of Biomedical Optics

I. J. Bigio and S. Fantini, Quantitative Biomedical Optics: Theory, methods, and applications (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2016).

Recipient of the 2020 Joseph W. Goodman Book Writing Award, a biennial award that recognizes an influential book in the field of optics and photonics, co-sponsored by SPIE and Optica.
Honorable Mention in the 2017 PROSE Award for the category Best Textbook in Physical Sciences & Mathematics.
Book reviews in Contemporary Physics and Optics & Photonics News

Publications by Topic:

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and imaging of tissue: Theory

G. Blaney, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Spatial sensitivity to absorption changes for various near-infrared spectroscopy methods: A compendium review,” J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 2430001 (115 pages) (2024).
A. Sassaroli, G. Blaney, and S. Fantini, “Novel data types for frequency-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy and imaging of tissues: Characterization of sensitivity and contrast-to-noise ratio for absorption perturbations,” Biomed. Opt. Express 14, 2091-2116 (2023).
G. Blaney*, M. Bottoni*, A. Sassaroli, C. Fernandez, and S. Fantini, “Broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy of two-layered scattering media containing oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, water, and lipids,” J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 15, 2250020 (2022).
I. J. Bigio and S. Fantini, Quantitative Biomedical Optics: Theory, methods, and applications (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2016).
A. K. Saibaba, M. Kilmer, E. L. Miller, and S. Fantini, “Fast algorithms for hyperspectral diffuse optical tomography,” SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 37, B712-B743 (2015).
A. Sassaroli, F. Zheng, M. Pierro, P. R. Bergethon, and S. Fantini, "Phase difference between low-frequency oscillations of cerebral deoxy- and oxy-hemoglobin concentrations during a mental task," J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci 4, 151-158 (2011).
F. Larusson, S. Fantini, and E. L. Miller, "Hyperspectral image reconstruction for diffuse optical tomography," Biomed. Opt. Express 2, 946-965 (2011).
A. Sassaroli, F. Martelli, and S. Fantini, "Perturbation theory for the diffusion equation by use of the moments of the generalized temporal point-spread function. III. Frequency-domain and time-domain results," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 27, 1723-1742 (2010).
F. Zheng, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, "Phasor representation of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations: what is the meaning of out-of-phase oscillations as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy?" J. Biomed. Opt. (Letters) 15, 040512/1-3 (2010).
A. Sassaroli, F. Martelli, and S. Fantini, "Higher order perturbation theory for the diffusion equation in heterogeneous media: application to layered and slab geometries," Appl. Opt. 48, D62-D73 (2009).
A. Sassaroli, Y. Tong, C. Benes, and S. Fantini, "Data analysis and statistical tests for near-infrared functional studies of the brain," Proc. SPIE 6850, 685012/1-6 (2008).
A. Sassaroli, F. Martelli, and S. Fantini, "Perturbation theory for the diffusion equation by use of the moments of the generalized temporal point-spread function. I. Theory," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23, 2105-2118 (2006).
A. Sassaroli, F. Martelli, and S. Fantini, "Perturbation theory for the diffusion equation by use of the moments of the generalized temporal point spread function. II. Continuous-wave results," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23, 2119-2131 (2006).
A. Sassaroli and S. Fantini, "Comment on the modified Beer-Lambert law for scattering media," Phys. Med. Biol. 49, N255-N257 (2004).
E. Gratton and S. Fantini, "Reflectance and transmittance spectroscopy," in Lasers and current optical techniques in biology," Comprehensive Series in Photochemistry and photobiology," Vol. 4, G. Palumbo and R. Pratesi, Editors, (Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 2004), pp. 211-258.
S. Fantini, "A haemodynamic model for the physiological interpretation of in vivo measurements of the concentration and oxygen saturation of haemoglobin," Phys. Med. Biol. 47, N249-N257 (2002).
S. Fantini and M. A. Franceschini, "Frequency-Domain Techniques for Tissue Spectroscopy and Imaging," in Handbook of Optical Biomedical Diagnostics, V. V. Tuchin, Ed., (SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA, 2002), Chapter 7, pp.405-453.
S. Fantini and E. Gratton, "Fluorescence Photon-Density Waves in Optically Diffusive Media," Opt. Comm. 173, 73-79 (2000).
M. A. Franceschini, S. Fantini, A. E. Cerussi, B. Barbieri, B. Chance, and E. Gratton, "Quantitative Spectroscopic Determination of Hemoglobin Concentration and Saturation in a Turbid Medium: Analysis of the Effect of Water Absorption," J. Biomed. Opt. 2, 147-153 (1997).
A. E. Cerussi, J. S. Maier, S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, W. W. Mantulin, and E. Gratton, "Experimental Verification of a Theory for the Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Thick Tissues," Appl. Opt. 36, 116-124 (1997).
S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, and E. Gratton, "Effective Source Term in the Diffusion Equation for Photon Transport in Turbid Media," Appl. Opt. 36, 156-163 (1997).
S. A. Walker, S. Fantini, and E. Gratton, "Image Reconstruction Using Back-Projection from Frequency-Domain Optical Measurements in Highly Scattering Media," Appl. Opt. 36, 170-179 (1997).
S. A. Walker, S. Fantini, and E. Gratton, "Effect of Index of Refraction Mismatch on the Recovery of Optical Properties of Cylindrical Inhomogeneities in an Infinite Turbid Medium," Proc. SPIE 2979, 219-225 (1997).
J. B. Fishkin, S. Fantini, M. J. vandeVen, and E. Gratton, "Gigahertz Photon Density Waves in a Turbid Medium: Theory and Experiments," Phys. Rev. E 53, 2307-2319 (1996).
S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, S. A. Walker, J. S. Maier, and E. Gratton, "Photon Path Distributions in Turbid Media: Applications for Imaging," Proc. SPIE 2389, 340-349 (1995).
S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, and E. Gratton, "Semi-Infinite-Geometry Boundary Problem for Light Migration in Highly Scattering Media: a Frequency-Domain Study in the Diffusion Approximation," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 2128-2138 (1994).

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and imaging of tissue: Experimental methods

S. Fantini, “Diffusion-based techniques,” in Optical Techniques in Biomedical and Biophysical Sciences, G. Romano and F. Fusi, Editors (Royal Society of Chemistry, in press, 2024).
M. Balberg, R. Shechter, P. Girshovitz, I. Breskin, and S. Fantini, “Simultaneous and co-localized acousto-optic monitoring of spectral and temporal properties of diffusive media,” Proc. SPIE 10059, 1005903 (7pp) (2017).
I. J. Bigio and S. Fantini, Quantitative Biomedical Optics: Theory, methods, and applications (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2016).
S. Fantini and A. Sassaroli, “Frequency-Domain Techniques for Tissue Spectroscopy and Imaging,” in Handbook of Optical Biomedical Diagnostics – Second Edition: Volume 1: Light-Tissue Interactions, V. V. Tuchin, Editor, (SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA, 2016), Chapter 7, pp.477-532.
M. Pierro, A. Sassaroli, P. R. Bergethon, B. L. Ehrenberg, and S. Fantini, "Phase-amplitude investigation of spontaneous low-frequency oscillations of cerebral hemodynamics with near-infrared spectroscopy: A sleep study in human subjects," NeuroImage 63, 1571-1584 (2012).
B. Hallacoglu, R. S. Matulewicz, H. J. Paltiel, H. Padua, P. Gargollo, G. Cannon, A. Alomari, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, "Noninvasive assessment of testicular torsion in rabbits using frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy: Prospects for pediatric urology," J. Biomed. Opt. 14, 054027/1-7 (2009).
N. Liu, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, "Paired-wavelength spectral approach to measuring the relative concentrations of two localized chromophores in turbid media: an experimental study," J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 051602/1-7 (2007).
K. H. Kim, C. Buehler, K. Bahlmann, T. Ragan, W.-C. A. Lee, E. Nedivi, E. L. Heffer, S. Fantini, and P. T. C. So, "Multifocal multiphoton microscopy based on multianode photomultiplier tubes," Opt. Express 15, 11658-11678 (2007).
N. Liu, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, "Two-dimensional phased-arrays of sources and detectors for depth discrimination in diffuse optical imaging," J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 051801-1 to 051801-7 (2005).
N. Liu, A. Sassaroli, M. A. Zucker, and S. Fantini, "Three-element phased-array approach to diffuse optical imaging based on post-processing of continuous-wave data," Opt. Lett. 30, 281-283 (2005).
F. Fabbri, A. Sassaroli, M. E. Henry, and S. Fantini, "Optical measurements of absorption changes in two-layered diffusive media," Phys. Med. Biol. 49, 1183-1201 (2004).
E. Gratton and S. Fantini, "Reflectance and transmittance spectroscopy," in Lasers and current optical techniques in biology," Comprehensive Series in Photochemistry and photobiology," Vol. 4, G. Palumbo and R. Pratesi, Editors, (Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 2004), pp. 211-258.
F. Fabbri, M. A. Franceschini, and S. Fantini, "Characterization of spatial and temporal variations in the optical properties of tissue-like media with diffuse reflectance imaging," Appl. Opt. 42, 3063-3072 (2003).
S. Fantini and M. A. Franceschini, "Frequency-Domain Techniques for Tissue Spectroscopy and Imaging," in Handbook of Optical Biomedical Diagnostics, V. V. Tuchin, Ed., (SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA, 2002), Chapter 7, pp.405-453.
M. Balberg, G. Barbastathis, S. Fantini, and D. J. Brady, "Confocal Imaging through Scattering Media with a Volume Holographic Filter," Proc. SPIE 3919, 69-74 (2000).
M. A. Franceschini, E. Gratton, D. Hueber, and S. Fantini, "Near-Infrared Absorption and Scattering Spectra of Tissues in Vivo," Proc. SPIE 3597, 526-531 (1999).
C. Casavola, L. A. Paunescu, M. A. Franceschini, S. Fantini, L. Winter, J. Kim, D. Wood, and E. Gratton, "Near-infrared spectroscopy and tilting table protocol: a novel method to study the blood flow and the oxygen consumption in tissue," Proc. SPIE 3597, 685-692 (1999).
L. A. Paunescu, C. Casavola, M. A. Franceschini, S. Fantini, L. Winter, J. Kim, D. Wood, and E. Gratton, "Calf muscle blood flow and oxygen consumption measured with near-infrared spectroscopy during venous occlusion," Proc. SPIE 3597, 317-323 (1999).
M. A. Franceschini, E. Gratton, and S. Fantini, "Non-Invasive Optical Method to Measure Tissue and Arterial Saturation: an Application to Absolute Pulse Oximetry of the Brain," Opt. Lett. 24, 829-831 (1999).
D. M. Hueber, S. Fantini, A. E. Cerussi, and B. Barbieri, "New Optical Probe Designs for Absolute (Self-calibrating) NIR Tissue Hemoglobin Measurements," Proc. SPIE 3597, 618-631 (1999).
A. E. Cerussi, E. Gratton, and S. Fantini, "Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy in Multiple-Scattering Environments: An application to Biotechnology," Proc. SPIE 3600, 171-182 (1999).
M. A. Franceschini, S. Fantini, L. A. Paunescu, J. S. Maier, and E. Gratton, "Influence of a Superficial Layer in the Quantitative Spectroscopic Study of Strongly Scattering Media," Appl. Opt. 37, 7447-7458 (1998).
V. Toronov, M. Filiaci, S. Fantini, and E. Gratton, "Photon-Density Wave Correlation Spectroscopy Detects Large-Scale Fluctuations in Turbid Media," Phys. Rev. E 58, 2288-2297 (1998).
M. Filiaci, V. Toronov, S. Fantini, and E. Gratton, "Optical Probe and Frequency-Domain Instrumentation to Study Spatial and Temporal Correlations of Fluctuations in Tissues," OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics on Advances in Optical Imaging and Photon Migration, J. G. Fujimoto and M. Patterson, eds., (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC 1998), Vol XXI, pp. 183-187.
S. Fantini, B. Barbieri, M. A. Franceschini, and E. Gratton, "Frequency-Domain Spectroscopy," in Applications of Optical Engineering to the Study of Cellular Pathology, E. Kohen, Ed., (Research Signpost, Trivandum, India, 1997), pp. 57-66.
M. A. Franceschini, S. Fantini, A. E. Cerussi, B. Barbieri, B. Chance, and E. Gratton, "Quantitative Spectroscopic Determination of Hemoglobin Concentration and Saturation in a Turbid Medium: Analysis of the Effect of Water Absorption," J. Biomed. Opt. 2, 147-153 (1997).
A. E. Cerussi, J. S. Maier, S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, W. W. Mantulin, and E. Gratton, "Experimental Verification of a Theory for the Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Thick Tissues," Appl. Opt. 36, 116-124 (1997).
S. A. Walker, S. Fantini, and E. Gratton, "Image Reconstruction Using Back-Projection from Frequency-Domain Optical Measurements in Highly Scattering Media," Appl. Opt. 36, 170-179 (1997).
M. A. Franceschini, D. Wallace, B. Barbieri, S. Fantini, W. W. Mantulin, S. Pratesi, G. P. Donzelli, and E. Gratton, "Optical Study of the Skeletal Muscle During Exercise with a Second Generation Frequency-Domain Tissue Oximeter," Proc. SPIE 2979, 807-814 (1997).
J. B. Fishkin, S. Fantini, M. J. vandeVen, and E. Gratton, "Gigahertz Photon Density Waves in a Turbid Medium: Theory and Experiments," Phys. Rev. E 53, 2307-2319 (1996).
E. Gratton, S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, S. Walker, and J. Maier, "Spectroscopy and tomography of tissues in the frequency-domain," in Analytical Use of Fluorescent Probes in Oncology NATO ASI Series, Series A: Life Sciences Vol. 286, E. Kohen and J. G. Hirschberg, eds., (Plenum Press, New York, 1996), pp. 41 52.
A. Cerussi, J. Maier, S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, and E. Gratton, "The Frequency-Domain Multi-Distance Method in the Presence of Curved Boundaries," OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics on Biomedical Optical Spectroscopy and Diagnostics, E. Sevick Muraca and D. Benaron, eds. (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC 1996), Vol. 3, pp. 92 97.
J. B. Fishkin, P. T. C. So, A. E. Cerussi, S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, and E. Gratton, "Frequency-Domain Method for Determining Spectral Properties in Multiply Scattering Media: Methemoglobin Absorption Spectrum in a Tissue-Like Phantom," Appl. Opt. 34, 1143-1155 (1995)
S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini-Fantini, J. S. Maier, S. A. Walker, B. Barbieri, and E. Gratton, "Frequency-Domain Multichannel Optical Detector for Non-Invasive Tissue Spectroscopy and Oximetry," Opt. Eng. 34, 32-42 (1995).
J. S. Maier, S. A. Walker, S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini and E. Gratton, "Possible Correlation between Blood Glucose Concentration and Reduced Scattering Coefficient of Tissues in the Near-Infrared," Opt. Lett. 19, 2062-2064 (1994).
S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, and E. Gratton, "Semi-Infinite-Geometry Boundary Problem for Light Migration in Highly Scattering Media: a Frequency-Domain Study in the Diffusion Approximation," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 2128-2138 (1994).
S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, J. B. Fishkin, B. Barbieri, E. Gratton, "Quantitative Determination of the Absorption Spectra of Chromophores in Strongly Scattering Media: a Light-Emitting-Diode Based Technique," Appl. Opt. 33, 5204-5213 (1994).

Dual-slope (DS) NIRS and imaging

C. Fernandez, G. Blaney, J. Frias, F. Tavakoli, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Single-distance and dual-slope frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy to assess skeletal muscle hemodynamics,” J. Biomed. Opt. 28, 125004 (2023).
G. Blaney*, F. Ivich*, A. Sassaroli, M. Niedre, and S. Fantini, “Dual-ratio approach for detection of point fluorophores in biological tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 28, 077001 (2023).
G. Blaney*, C. Fernandez*, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Dual-slope imaging of cerebral hemodynamics with frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy,” Neurophoton. 10, 013508 (2023).
G. Blaney, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Method for measuring absolute optical properties of turbid samples in a standard cuvette,” Appl. Sci. 12, 10903 (2022).
G. Blaney, P. Curtsmith, A. Sassaroli, C. Fernandez, and S. Fantini, “Broadband absorption spectroscopy of heterogeneous biological tissue,” Appl. Opt. 60, 7552-7562 (2021).
G. Blaney, R. Donaldson*, S. Mushtak*, H. Nguyen*, L. Vignale*, C. Fernandez, T. Pham, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Dual-slope diffuse reflectance instrument for calibration-free broadband spectroscopy,” Appl. Sci. 11, 1757 (2021).
T. Pham, G. Blaney, A. Sassaroli, C. Fernandez, and S. Fantini, “Sensitivity of frequency-domain optical measurements to brain hemodynamics: simulations and human study of cerebral blood flow during hypercapnia,” Biomed. Opt. Express 12, 766-789 (2021).
G. Blaney, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Design of a source-detector array for dual-slope diffuse optical imaging,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 91, 093702 (2020).
G. Blaney, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Dual-slope imaging in highly scattering media with frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 45, 4464-4467 (2020).
S. Fantini, G. Blaney, and A. Sassaroli, “Transformational change in the field of diffuse optics: From going bananas to going nuts,” J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 13, 1930013 (2020).
G. Blaney, A. Sassaroli, T. Pham, C. Fernandez, and S. Fantini, “Phase dual slopes in frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy for enhanced sensitivity to brain tissue: First applications to human subjects,” J. Biophotonics 13, e201960018 (2020).
A. Sassaroli, G. Blaney, and S. Fantini, “Dual-slope method for enhanced depth sensitivity in diffuse optical spectroscopy,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 36, 1743-1761 (2019).

Brain Studies

C. Fernandez, T. Das, G. Blaney, Z. Haga, T. McWilliams, J. Mertens, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Coherent spontaneous hemodynamics in the human brain,” IEEE Open J. Eng. Med. Biol. 4, 102-108 (2023).
G. Blaney*, C. Fernandez*, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Dual-slope imaging of cerebral hemodynamics with frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy,” Neurophoton. 10, 013508 (2023).
M. Scheutz, S. Aeron, A. Aygun, J. P. de Ruiter, S. Fantini, C. Fernandez, Z. Haga, T. Nguyen, and B. Lyu, “Estimating systemic cognitive states from a mixture of physiological and brain signals,” Top. Cogn. Sci. 16, 485-526 (2024).
T. T. Pham*, C. Fernandez*, G. Blaney, K. Tgavalekos, A. Sassaroli, X. Cai, S. Bibu, J. Kornbluth, and S. Fantini, “Noninvasive optical measurements of dynamic cerebral autoregulation by inducing oscillatory cerebral hemodynamics,” Front. Neurol. 12, 745987 (2021).
T. Pham, G. Blaney, A. Sassaroli, C. Fernandez, and S. Fantini, “Sensitivity of frequency-domain optical measurements to brain hemodynamics: simulations and human study of cerebral blood flow during hypercapnia,” Biomed. Opt. Express 12, 766-789 (2021).
B. Lyu*, T. Pham*, G. Blaney, Z. Haga, A. Sassaroli, S. Fantini, and S. Aeron, “Domain adaptation for robust workload level alignment between sessions and subjects using fNIRS,” J. Biomed. Opt. 26, 022908 (2021).
S. Fantini and A. Sassaroli, “Frequency-domain techniques for cerebral and functional near-infrared spectroscopy,” Front. Neurosci. 14, 300 (2020).
G. Blaney, A. Sassaroli, T. Pham, C. Fernandez, and S. Fantini, “Phase dual slopes in frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy for enhanced sensitivity to brain tissue: First applications to human subjects,” J. Biophotonics 13, e201960018 (2020).
S. Fantini, A. Ruesch, and J. K. Kainerstorfer, “Noninvasive optical studies of the brain: Contributions from systemic physiology,” in Neurophotonics and Biomedical Spectroscopy, R. R. Alfano and L. Shi, Editors, (Elsevier, 2019), Chapter 2.
S. Fantini, B. Frederick, and A. Sassaroli, “Perspective: Prospects of non-invasive sensing of the human brain with diffuse optical imaging,” APL Photonics 3, 110901 (2018).
A. M. Chiarelli, E. L. Maclin, K. A. Low, S. Fantini, M. Fabiani, and G. Gratton, “Low-resolution mapping of the effective attenuation coefficient of the human head: A multidistance approach applied to high-density optical recordings,” Neurophoton. 4, 021103 (2017).
S. Fantini, A. Sassaroli, K. T. Tgavalekos, and J. Kornbluth, “Cerebral blood flow and autoregulation: Current measurement techniques and prospects for non-invasive optical methods,” Neurophoton. 3, 031411 (2016).
M. E. Shaul, B. Hallacoglu, A. Sassaroli, B. Shukitt-Hale, S. Fantini, I. H. Rosenberg, and A. M. Troen, "Cerebral blood volume and vasodilation are independently diminished by aging and hypertension: A near infrared spectroscopy study," J. Alzheimers Dis. 42, S189-S198 (2014).
B. Hallacoglu, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, "Optical characterization of two-layered turbid media for non-invasive, absolute oximetry in cerebral and extracerebral tissue," PLoS ONE 8, e64095 (2013).
B. Hallacoglu, A. Sassaroli, M. Wysocki, E. Guerrero-Berroa, M. Schnaider Beeri, V. Haroutunian, M. Shaul, I. H. Rosenberg, A. M. Troen, and S. Fantini, "Absolute measurement of cerebral optical coefficients, hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation in old and young adults with near-infrared spectroscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 17, 081406 (2012).
B. Hallacoglu, A. Sassaroli, I. Rosenberg, S. Fantini, and A. Troen, "Cerebral perfusion and oxygenation are impaired by folate deficiency in rat: Absolute measurements with non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy," J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 31, 1482-1492 (2011).
A. Sassaroli, F. Zheng, M. Pierro, P. R. Bergethon, and S. Fantini, "Phase difference between low-frequency oscillations of cerebral deoxy- and oxy-hemoglobin concentrations during a mental task," J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci 4, 151-158 (2011).
A. Girouard, E. T. Solovey, L. M. Hirshfield, K. Chauncey, A. Sassaroli, S. Fantini, and R. J. K. Jacob, "Distinguishing difficulty levels with non-invasive brain activity measurements," in INTERACT 2009, T. Gross et al., Eds., Part I, LNCS 5726, 440-452 (2009).
S. Fantini, D. K. Chen, J. M. Martin, A. Sassaroli, and P. R. Bergethon, "Near-infrared signals associated with electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves," Proc. SPIE 7174 7174C-1 – 7174C-7 (2009)
A. Sassaroli, F. Zheng, L. H. Hirshfield, A. Girouard, E. T. Solovey, R. J. K. Jacob, and S. Fantini, "Discrimination of mental workload levels in human subjects with functional near-infrared spectroscopy," J. Innov. Opt. Sci.1, 227-237 (2008).
A. Sassaroli, B. deB. Frederick, Y. Tong, P.F. Renshaw, and S. Fantini, "Spatially weighted BOLD signal for comparison of functional magnetic resonance imaging and near-infrared imaging of the brain," NeuroImage 33, 505-514 (2006).
Y. Tong, J. M. Martin, A. Sassaroli, P. R. Clervil, P. R. Bergethon, and S. Fantini, "Fast optical signals in the peripheral nervous system," J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 044014-1 to 044014-5 (2006).
A. Sassaroli, Y. Tong, B. B. Frederick, P. F. Renshaw, B. L. Ehrenberg, and S. Fantini, "Studying brain function with concurrent near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)," Proc SPIE 5693, 161-165 (2005).
Y. Tong, E. J. Rooney, P. R. Bergethon, J. M. Martin, A. Sassaroli, B. L. Ehrenberg, Vo Van Toi, P. Aggarwal, N. Ambady, and S. Fantini, "Studying brain function with near-infrared spectroscopy concurrently with electroencephalography," Proc SPIE 5693, 444-449 (2005).
A. Sassaroli, Y. Tong, F. Fabbri, B. Frederick, P. Renshaw, and S. Fantini, "Functional mapping of the human brain with near-infrared spectroscopy in the frequency-domain," Proc. SPIE 5312, 371-377 (2004).
F. Fabbri, M. E. Henry, P. F. Renshaw, S. Nadgir, B. L. Ehrenberg, M. A. Franceschini, and S. Fantini, "Bilateral near-infrared monitoring of the cerebral concentration and oxygen-saturation of hemoglobin during right unilateral electro-convulsive therapy," Brain Research 992, 193-204 (2003).
M. A. Franceschini, S. Fantini, J. H. Thompson, J. P. Culver, and D. A. Boas, "Hemodynamic evoked response of the sensorimotor cortex measured noninvasively with near-infrared optical imaging," Psychophysiology 40, 548-560 (2003).
S. Fantini, P. Aggarwal, K. Chen, M. A. Franceschini, and B. L. Ehrenberg, "Near-infrared spectroscopy and polysomnography during all-night sleep in human subjects," Proc. SPIE 5068, 155-162 (2003).
M. A. Franceschini, D. A. Boas, A. Zourabian, S. G. Diamond, S. Nadgir, D. W. Lin, J. B. Moore, and S. Fantini, "Near-Infrared Spiroximetry: Non-Invasive Measurement of Venous Saturation in Piglets and Human Subjects," J. Appl. Physiol. 92, 372-384 (2002).
S. Fantini, P. Aggarwal, K. Chen, and M. A. Franceschini, "Monitoring Brain Activity Using Near-Infrared Light," American Laboratory 33(20), 15-17 (2001).
D. M. Hueber, M. A. Franceschini, H. Y. Ma, Q. Xu, J. R. Ballesteros, S. Fantini, D. Wallace, V. Ntziachristos, and B. Chance, "Non-Invasive and Quantitative Near-Infrared Hemoglobin Spectrometry in the Piglet Brain During Hypoxic Stress, Using a Frequency-Domain Multi-Distance Instrument," Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 41-62 (2001).
V. Toronov, M. A. Franceschini, M. Filiaci, M. Wolf, S. Fantini, and E. Gratton, "Near-Infrared Study of Fluctuations in Cerebral Hemodynamics During Rest and Motor Stimulation: Spatial Mapping and Temporal Analysis," Med. Phys. 27, 801-815 (2000).
M. A. Franceschini, V. Toronov, M. E. Filiaci, E. Gratton, and S. Fantini, "On-Line Optical Imaging of the Human Brain with 160 ms Temporal Resolution," Opt. Express 6, 49-57 (2000).
M. R. Stankovic, D. Maulik, W. Rosenfeld, P. G. Stubblefield, A. D. Kofinas, E. Gratton, M. A. Franceschini, S. Fantini, and D. M. Hueber, "Role of frequency domain optical spectroscopy in the detection of neonatal brain hemorrhage: A newborn piglet study," J. Matern. Fetal Med. 9, 142-149 (2000).
S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, E. Gratton, D. Hueber, W. Rosenfeld, D. Maulik, P. G. Stubblefield, and M. R. Stankovic, "Non-invasive optical mapping of the piglet brain in real time," Opt. Express 4, 308-314 (1999).
M. R. Stankovic, D. Maulik, W. Rosenfeld, P. G. Stubblefield, A. D. Kofinas, S. Drexler, R. Nair, M. A. Franceschini, D. Hueber, E. Gratton, and S. Fantini, "Real-Time Optical Imaging of Experimental Brain Ischemia and Hemorrhage in Neonatal Piglets," J. Perinat. Med. 27, 279-286 (1999).
S. Fantini, D. Hueber, M. A. Franceschini, E. Gratton, W. Rosenfeld, P. G. Stubblefield, D. Maulik, and M. R. Stankovic, "Non-Invasive Optical Monitoring of the Newborn Piglet Brain Using Continuous-Wave and Frequency-Domain Methods," Phys. Med. Biol. 44, 1543-1563 (1999).
M. A. Franceschini, A. Paunescu, S. Fantini, S. Pratesi, J. S. Maier, G. P. Donzelli, and E. Gratton, "Frequency-Domain Optical Measurements in Vitro on Two- and Three-Layered Tissue-Like Phantoms and in Vivo on Infant Heads," OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics on Advances in Optical Imaging and Photon Migration, J. G. Fujimoto and M. Patterson, eds., (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC 1998), Vol XXI, pp. 232-236.
E. Gratton, S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, G. Gratton, and M. Fabiani, "Measurements of Scattering and Absorption Changes in Muscle and Brain," Phil. Trans. R. Soc. of Lond. B 352, 727-735 (1997).
R. A. De Blasi, S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, M. Ferrari, and E. Gratton, "Cerebral and Muscle Oxygen Saturation Measurement by Frequency-Domain Near-Infra-red Spectrometer," Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 33, 228-230 (1995).
G. Gratton, M. Fabiani, D. Friedman, M. A. Franceschini, S. Fantini, P. M. Corballis, and E. Gratton, "Rapid Changes of Optical Parameters in the Human Brain During a Tapping Task," J. Cognitive Neuroscience 7, 446-456 (1995).

Coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy (CHS)

C. Fernandez, T. Das, G. Blaney, Z. Haga, T. McWilliams, J. Mertens, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Coherent spontaneous hemodynamics in the human brain,” IEEE Open J. Eng. Med. Biol. 4, 102-108 (2023).
T. T. Pham*, C. Fernandez*, G. Blaney, K. Tgavalekos, A. Sassaroli, X. Cai, S. Bibu, J. Kornbluth, and S. Fantini, “Noninvasive optical measurements of dynamic cerebral autoregulation by inducing oscillatory cerebral hemodynamics,” Front. Neurol. 12, 745987 (2021).
Z. Liang, H. Tian, H.-C. S. Yang, T. Arimitsu, T. Takahashi, A. Sassaroli, S. Fantini, H. Niu, Y. Minagawa, and Y. Tong, “Tracking brain development from neonates to the elderly by hemoglobin phase measurement using functional near-infrared spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 25, 2497-2509 (2021).
G. Blaney, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Algorithm for determination of thresholds of significant coherence in time-frequency analysis,” Biomed. Signal Process. Control 56, 101704 (2020).
G. Blaney, A. Sassaroli, T. Pham, N. Krishnamurthy, and S. Fantini, “Multi-distance frequency-domain optical measurements of coherent cerebral hemodynamics,” Photonics 6, 83 (2019).
T. Pham, K. Tgavalekos, A. Sassaroli, G. Blaney, and S. Fantini, “Quantitative measurements of cerebral blood flow with near-infrared spectroscopy,” Biomed. Opt. Express 10, 2117-2134 (2019).
K. T. Tgavalekos, T. Pham, N. Krishnamurthy, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Frequency-resolved analysis of coherent oscillations of local cerebral blood volume, measured with near-infrared spectroscopy, and systemic arterial pressure in healthy human subjects,” PLoS ONE 14, e0211710 (2019).
K. Khaksari*, G. Blaney*, A. Sassaroli, N. Krishnamurthy, T. Pham, and S. Fantini, “Depth dependence of coherent hemodynamics in the human head,” J. Biomed. Opt. 23, 121615 (2018).
A. Sassaroli, K. Tgavalekos, and S. Fantini, “The meaning of ‘coherent’ and its quantification in coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy,” J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 12, 1850036 (2018).
S. Fantini, K. T. Tgavalekos, X. Zang, and A. Sassaroli, “Coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy: A new technique to characterize the dynamics of blood perfusion and oxygenation in tissue,” in Optics, Photonics and Laser Technology, P. Ribeiro and M. Raposo, Editors, (Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol. 218, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 2018), Chapter 9, pp. 183-207.
K. T. Tgavalekos, J. M. Kainerstorfer, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Blood-pressure-induced oscillations of deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin concentrations are in-phase in the healthy breast and out-of-phase in the healthy brain,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21, 101410 (2016).
J. M. Kainerstorfer, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Optical oximetry of volume-oscillating vascular compartments: Contributions from oscillatory blood flow,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21, 101408 (2016).
A. Sassaroli, J. M. Kainerstorfer, and S. Fantini, “Nonlinear extension of a hemodynamic linear model for coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy,” J. Theor. Biol. 389, 132-145 (2016).
S. Fantini, “A new tool to assess brain vascular health,” Neurology Times, March, 9, 2015.
J. M. Kainerstorfer, A. Sassaroli, K. T. Tgavalekos, and S. Fantini, "Cerebral autoregulation in the microvasculature measured with near-infrared spectroscopy," J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 35, 959-966 (2015).
A. Sassaroli, J. Kainerstorfer, and S. Fantini, "Study of capillary transit time distribution in coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy," J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 8, 1550025 (9pp) (2015).
J. M. Kainerstorfer, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, "Coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy in a single step," Biomed. Opt. Express 5, 3403-3416 (2014).
M. L. Pierro, J. M Kainerstorfer, A. Civiletto, D. E. Weiner, A. Sassaroli, B. Hallacoglu, and S. Fantini, "Reduced speed of microvascular blood flow in hemodialysis patients versus healthy controls: A coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy study," J. Biomed. Opt. 19, 026005 (9pp) (2014).
J. M. Kainerstorfer, A. Sassaroli, B. Hallacoglu, M. L. Pierro, and S. Fantini, "Practical steps for applying a new dynamic model to near-infrared spectroscopy measurements of hemodynamic oscillations and transient changes: Implications for cerebrovascular and functional brain studies," Acad. Radiol. 21, 185-196 (2014).
J. M. Kainerstorfer, A. Sassaroli, M. L. Pierro, B. Hallacoglu, and S. Fantini, "Coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy based on a paced breathing paradigm – Revisited," J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 7, 1450014 (9pp) (2014).
S. Fantini, “NIRS brain studies with a new hemodynamic model: Coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy and functional neuroimaging,” OSA Topical Meeting on Biomedical Optics, Miami, FL, April 26-30, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1364/biomed.2014.bt5b.5.
S. Fantini, "A new hemodynamic model shows that temporal perturbations of cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate of oxygen cannot be measured individually using functional near-infrared spectroscopy," Physiol. Meas. 35, N1-N9 (2014).
M. L. Pierro, B. Hallacoglu, A. Sassaroli, J. M. Kainerstorfer, and S. Fantini, "Validation of a novel hemodynamic model for coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy (CHS) and functional brain studies with fNIRS and fMRI," NeuroImage 85, 222-233 (2014).
S. Fantini, "Dynamic model for the tissue concentration and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in relation to blood volume, flow velocity, and oxygen consumption: Implications for functional neuroimaging and coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy (CHS)," NeuroImage 85, 202-221 (2014).

Skeletal muscle studies

F. Tavakoli, C. Fernandez, G. Blaney, J. Frias, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Muscle hemodynamics measured with dual-slope frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy,” Proc. SPIE 12838, 1283807 (2024).
C. Fernandez, G. Blaney, J. Frias, F. Tavakoli, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, “Single-distance and dual-slope frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy to assess skeletal muscle hemodynamics,” J. Biomed. Opt. 28, 125004 (2023).
T. V. Vo, P. E. Hammer, M. L. Hoimes, S. Nadgir, and S. Fantini, "Mathematical model for the hemodynamic response to venous occlusion measured with near-infrared spectroscopy in the human forearm," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 54, 573-584 (2007).
V. Quaresima, M. Ferrari, M. A. Franceschini, M. L. Hoimes, and S. Fantini, "Spatial distribution of vastus lateralis blood flow and oxyhemoglobin saturation measured at the end of isometric quadriceps contraction by multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 413-420 (2004).
S. Fantini, M. L. Hoimes, C. Casavola, and M. A. Franceschini, "Spatial Mapping of Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption in the Human Calf Muscle Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy," Proc. SPIE 4241, 69-77 (2001).
C. Casavola, L. A. Paunescu, S. Fantini, and E. Gratton, "Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Venous Occlusion: Spatial Maps and the Effect of Time and Pressure of Inflation," J. Biomed. Opt. 5, 269-276 (2000).
M. A. Franceschini, S. Fantini, R. Palumbo, L. Pasqualini, G. Vaudo, E. Franceschini, E. Gratton, B. Palumbo, S. Innocente, and E. Mannarino, "Quantitative Near-Infrared Spectroscopy on Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease," Proc. SPIE 3194, 112-115 (1998).
V. Quaresima, M. A. Franceschini, S. Fantini, E. Gratton, and M. Ferrari, "Difference in Leg Muscles Oxygenation During Treadmill Exercise by a New Near-Infrared Frequency-Domain Oximeter," Proc. SPIE 3194, 116-120 (1998).
M. A. Franceschini, D. Wallace, B. Barbieri, S. Fantini, W. W. Mantulin, S. Pratesi, G. P. Donzelli, and E. Gratton, "Optical Study of the Skeletal Muscle During Exercise with a Second Generation Frequency-Domain Tissue Oximeter," Proc. SPIE 2979, 807-814 (1997).
E. Gratton, S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, G. Gratton, and M. Fabiani, "Measurements of Scattering and Absorption Changes in Muscle and Brain," Phil. Trans. R. Soc. of Lond. B 352, 727-735 (1997).
R. A. De Blasi, S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, M. Ferrari, and E. Gratton, "Cerebral and Muscle Oxygen Saturation Measurement by Frequency-Domain Near-Infra-red Spectrometer," Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 33, 228-230 (1995).

Optical mammography

P. G. Anderson, S. Kalli, A. Sassaroli, N. Krishnamurthy, S. S. Makim, R. A. Graham, and S. Fantini, “Optical mammography in patients with breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Individual clinical response index,” Acad. Radiol. 24, 1240-1255 (2017).
N. Krishnamurthy, J. M. Kainerstorfer, A. Sassaroli, P. G. Anderson, and S. Fantini, “Broadband optical mammography instrument for depth-resolved imaging and local dynamic measurements,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 024302 (2016).
P. G. Anderson, A. Sassaroli, J. M. Kainerstorfer, N. Krishnamurthy, S. Kalli, S. S. Makim, R. A. Graham, and S. Fantini, “Optical mammography: Bilateral breast symmetry in hemoglobin saturation maps,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21, 101403 (2016).
P. G. Anderson, J. M. Kainerstorfer, A. Sassaroli, N. Krishnamurthy, M. J. Homer, R. A. Graham, and S. Fantini, "Broadband optical mammography: Chromophore concentration and hemoglobin saturation contrast in breast cancer," PLOS ONE 10, e0117322 (23pp) (2015).
J. M. Kainerstorfer, Y. Yu, G. Weliwitigoda, P. G. Anderson, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, "Depth discrimination in diffuse optical transmission imaging by planar scanning off-axis fibers: Initial applications to optical mammography," PLoS ONE 8, e58510 (2013).
F. Larusson, P. G. Anderson, E. Rosenberg, M. E. Kilmer, A. Sassaroli, S. Fantini, and E. L. Miller, "Parametric estimation of 3D tubular structures for diffuse optical tomography," Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 271-286 (2013).
F. Larusson, S. Fantini, and E. L. Miller, "Parametric level set reconstruction methods for hyperspectral diffuse optical tomography," Biomed. Opt. Express 3, 1006-1024 (2012).
F. Larusson, S. Fantini, and E. L. Miller, "Hyperspectral image reconstruction for diffuse optical tomography," Biomed. Opt. Express 2, 946-965 (2011).
S. Fantini and A. Sassaroli, "Near-infrared optical mammography for breast cancer detection with intrinsic contrast," Annals Biomed. Eng. 40, 398-407 (2012).
Y. Yu, A. Sassaroli, D. K. Chen, M. J. Homer, R. A. Graham, and S. Fantini, "Near-infrared, broad-band spectral imaging of the human breast for quantitative oximetry: Applications to healthy and cancerous breasts," J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 3, 267-277 (2010).
Y. Yu, N. Liu, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, "Near-infrared spectral imaging of the female breast for quantitative oximetry in optical mammography," Appl. Opt. 48, D225-D235 (2009).
S. Fantini and P. Taroni, "Optical mammography," in Cancer imaging: Lung and breast carcinomas, Vol. 1, M. A. Hayat, Editor, (Elsevier Academic Press, London, UK, 2008), Chapter 16, pp. 445-453.
N. Liu, A. Sassaroli, and S. Fantini, "Paired-wavelength spectral approach to measuring the relative concentrations of two localized chromophores in turbid media: an experimental study," J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 051602/1-7 (2007).
S. Fantini, E. L. Heffer, V. E. Pera, A. Sassaroli, and N. Liu, "Spatial and spectral information in optical mammography," Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 4, 471-482 (2005).
E. L. Heffer, V. E. Pera, O. Schütz, H. Siebold, S. Heywang-Köbrunner, L. Götz, A. Heinig, and S. Fantini, "Near-infrared imaging of the human breast: Complementing hemoglobin concentration maps with oxygenation images," J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 1152-1160 (2004).
S. Fantini, E. L. Heffer, H. Siebold, and O. Schütz, "Using near-infrared light to detect breast cancer," OPN Optics & Photonics News 14(11), 24-29 (2003).
V. E. Pera, E. L. Heffer, H. Siebold, O. Schütz, S. Heywang-Köbrunner, L. Götz, A. Heinig, and S. Fantini, "Spatial second-derivative image processing: An application to optical mammography to enhance the detection of breast tumors," J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 517-524 (2003).
E. L. Heffer and S. Fantini, "Quantitative oximetry of breast tumors: A novel near-infrared method that identifies two optimal wavelengths for each tumor," Appl. Opt. 41, 3827-3839 (2002).
S. Fantini, E. L. Heffer, M. A. Franceschini, L. Götz, A. Heinig, S. Heywang-Köbrunner, Oliver Schütz, and Horst Siebold, "Optical Mammography with Intensity-Modulated Light," Proceedings of Inter-Institute Workshop on In Vivo Optical Imaging at the NIH, A. H. Gandjbakhche, Ed. (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC 2000), pp. 111-117.
S. Fantini, O. Schütz, J. Edler, S. Heywang Köbrunner, L. Götz, M. A. Franceschini, and H. Siebold, "Clinical Applications of Frequency-Domain Optical Mammography," Proc. SPIE 3566, 194-199 (1998).
S. Fantini, S. A. Walker, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, P. M. Schlag, and K. T. Moesta, "Assessment of the Size, Position, and Optical Properties of Breast Tumors in Vivo by Non-Invasive Optical Methods," Appl. Opt. 37, 1982-1989 (1998).
K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, H. Jess, S. Totkas, M. A. Franceschini, M. Kaschke, and P. M. Schlag, "Contrast Features of Breast Cancer in Frequency-Domain Laser Scanning Mammography," J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 129-136 (1998).
M. A. Franceschini, K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. W. Mantulin, M. Seeber, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, "Frequency-Domain Instrumentation Enhances Optical Mammography: Initial Clinical Results," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 94, 6468-6473 (1997).
S. Fantini, K. T. Moesta, M. A. Franceschini, H. Jess, H. Erdl, E. Gratton, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, "Instrumentation and Clinical Applications in Frequency-Domain Optical Mammography," Proc. 19th Int. Conf.-IEEE/EMBS on Photon Migration Tomography (MS21), A. H. Hielscher and L. Wang, chairs, pp. 2741-2744 (1997).
S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. W. Mantulin, K. T. Moesta, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kaschke, "Frequency-Domain Optical Mammography: Edge Effect Corrections," Med. Phys. 23, 149-157 (1996).

Peripheral nerve studies

D. K. Chen, M. K. Erb, Y. Tong, Y. Yu, A. Sassaroli, P. R. Bergethon, and S. Fantini, "Spectral and spatial features of diffuse optical signals in response to peripheral nerve stimulation," Biomed. Optics Express 1, 923-942 (2010).
M. K. Erb, D. K. Chen, A. Sassaroli, S. Fantini, and P. R. Bergethon, "Diffuse optical signals in response to peripheral nerve stimulation reflect skeletal muscle kinematics," Biomed. Optics Express 1, 943-954 (2010).
S. Fantini, D. K. Chen, J. M. Martin, A. Sassaroli, and P. R. Bergethon, "Near-infrared signals associated with electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves," Proc. SPIE 7174 7174C-1 – 7174C-7 (2009).
D. K. Chen, Y. Tong, A. Sassaroli, J. M. Martin, P. R. Bergethon, and S. Fantini, "Analysis of the optical signals associated with the electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves," March 16-18, 2008 St. Petersburg, FL, OSA/BIOMED/DH/LACSEA, BTuE2.
D. K. Chen, Y. Tong, A. Sassaroli, P. R. Bergethon, and S. Fantini, "Fast Optical Response to Electrical Activation in Peripheral Nerves," Proc. SPIE 6431, 643103/1-5 (2007).
Y. Tong, J. M. Martin, A. Sassaroli, P. R. Clervil, P. R. Bergethon, and S. Fantini, "Fast optical signals in the peripheral nervous system," J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 044014-1 to 044014-5 (2006).

Birthdays

S. Fantini and J.C. Grossman, "How Likely Is It that Two Classmates Have the Same Birthday?" Phys. Teach. 35, 42-44 (1997).